Nâng cấp từ vựng – IELTS Vocab Booster 2 – Test 4- READING PASSAGE 2

Endless Harvest

 

More than two hundred years ago, Russian explorers and fur hunters landed on the Aleutian Islands, a volcanic archipelago in the North Pacific, and learned of a land mass that lay farther to the north. The islands’ native inhabitants called this land mass Aleyska, the ‘Great Land’; today, we know it as Alaska.

The forty-ninth state to join the United States of America (in 1959), Alaska is fully one-fifth the size of the mainland 48 states combined. It shares, with Canada, the second longest river system in North America and has over half the coastline of the United States. The rivers feed into the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska – cold, nutrient-rich waters which support tens of millions of seabirds, and over 400 species of fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and molluscs. Taking advantage of this rich bounty, Alaska’s commercial fisheries have developed into some of the largest in the world.

According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), Alaska’s commercial fisheries landed hundreds of thousands of tonnes of shellfish and herring, and well over a million tonnes of groundfish (cod, sole, perch and pollock) in 2000. The true cultural heart and soul of Alaska’s fisheries, however, is salmon. ‘Salmon,’ notes writer Susan Ewing in The Great Alaska Nature Factbook, ‘pump through Alaska like blood through a heart, bringing rhythmic, circulating nourishment to land, animals and people.’ The ‘predictable abundance of salmon allowed some native cultures to flourish,’ and ‘dying spawners  feed bears, eagles, other animals, and ultimately the soil itself.’ All five species of Pacific salmon – chinook, or king; chum, or dog; coho, or silver; sockeye, or red; and pink, or humpback – spawn  in Alaskan waters, and 90% of all Pacific salmon commercially caught in North America are produced there. Indeed, if Alaska was an independent nation, it would be die largest producer of wild salmon in the world. During 2000, commercial catches of Pacific salmon in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, with an ex-vessel value of over JUS260 million.

Catches have not always been so healthy. Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area. With the onset of statehood, however, the State of Alaska took over management of its own fisheries, guided by a state constitution which mandates that Alaska’s natural resources be managed on a sustainable basis. At that time, statewide harvests totalled around 25 million salmon. Over the next few decades average catches steadily increased as a result of this policy of sustainable  management, until, during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish.

The primary reason for such increases is what is known as ‘In-Season Abundance-Based Management’. There are biologists throughout the state constandy monitoring adult fish as they show up to spawn. The biologists sit in streamside counting towers, study sonar, watch from aeroplanes, and talk to fishermen. The salmon season in Alaska is not pre-set. The fishermen know the approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish, but on any given day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing. Even sport fishing can be brought to a halt. It is this management mechanism that has allowed Alaska salmon stocks – and, accordingly, Alaska salmon fisheries — to prosper, even as salmon populations in the rest of the United States are increasingly considered threatened or even endangered.

In 1999, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)  commissioned a review of the Alaska salmon fishery. The Council, which was founded in 1996, certifies fisheries that meet high environmental standards, enabling them to use a label that recognises their environmental responsibility. The MSC has established a set of criteria by which commercial fisheries can be judged. Recognising the potential benefits of being identified as environmentally responsible, fisheries approach the Council requesting to undergo the certification process. The MSC then appoints a certification committee, composed of a panel of fisheries experts, which gathers information and opinions from fishermen, biologists, government officials, industry representatives, non-governmental organisations and others.

Some observers thought the Alaska salmon fisheries would not have any chance of certification when, in the months leading up to MSC’s final decision, salmon runs throughout western Alaska completely collapsed. In the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers, chinook and chum runs were probably the poorest since statehood; subsistence communities throughout the region, who normally have priority over commercial fishing, were devastated.

The crisis was completely unexpected, but researchers believe it had nothing to do with impacts of fisheries. Rather, they contend, it was almost certainly the result of climatic shifts, prompted in part by cumulative effects of the el niño/la niña phenomenon on Pacific Ocean temperatures, culminating in a harsh winter in which huge numbers of salmon eggs were frozen. It could have meant the end as far as the certification process was concerned. However, the state reacted quickly, closing down all fisheries, even those necessary for subsistence purposes.

In September 2000, MSC announced that the Alaska salmon fisheries qualified for certification. Seven companies producing Alaska salmon were immediately granted permission to display the MSC logo on their products. Certification is for an initial period of five years, with an annual review to ensure that the fishery is continuing to meet the required standards.

1. Giải thích từ vựng

• Endless (a) /ˈend.ləs/ vô tận, vĩnh viễn, không bao giờ hết

Eg: We used to have endless arguments about politics.

He seems to think that I have an endless supply of money.

The possibilities are endless.

Từ đồng nghĩa: 

• Interminable 

• Harvest (n) /ˈhɑː.vɪst/ thu hoạch, vụ gặt

Eg: With the harvest finished, I was able to relax with an easy mind/conscience.

The drought has made farmers anxious about the harvest.

How many extra hands will we need to help with the harvest.

• Fur (n) /fɜːr/ bộ da lông thú

Eg: The animal’s thick fur provides very good insulation against the arctic cold.

Personally , I don’t think animals should be killed for their fur.

The cat purred as I stroked its fur.

• Volcanic (a) /vɒlˈkæn.ɪk/ (thuộc) núi lửa/ nóng nảy, hung hăng, sục sôi

Eg: Geologists understand many of the factors that cause volcanic eruptions.

The volcanic island is thickly draped with vegetation.

The cliffs here were once actually part of an immense volcanic crater.

• Inhabitant (n) /ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tənt/ người ở, người cư trú, dân cư 

Eg: The Aborigines are the native inhabitants of Australia.

The city of Ely has about 10,000 inhabitants.

• Feed (v) /fiːd/ cung cấp (chất liệu cho máy…)

Eg: The vegetables are fed into the machine at this end.

The images are fed over satellite networks to broadcasters throughout the world.

• Take advantage of: lợi dụng cơ hội/ lợi dụng ai

Eg: I thought I’d take advantage of the sports facilities while I’m here.

I think she takes advantage of his good nature.

• Heart and soul (idiom)  nhiệt tình, mãnh liệt, thiết tha

Eg: She loves those children heart and soul.

She was with him heart and soul.

• Nourishment (n) sự nuôi, sự nuôi dưỡng/ thực phẩm nuôi dưỡng

Eg: Can plants obtain adequate nourishment from such poor soil?

As a child, she was starved of intellectual nourishment.

•  Abundance (n) /əˈbʌndəns/ sự giàu có, sự phong phú; sự thừa thãi, sự dư dật

Eg: The area has an abundance of lakes, rivers and streams to fish in.

The study showed a 54 per cent decrease in abundance of native birds.

Abundant (a) 

•  Salmon (n) /ˈsæm.ən/ cá hồi

Eg: I chose the salmon for my main course.

•  Ultimately (adv) /ˈʌl.tɪ.mət.li/ cuối cùng, sau cùng, sau rốt

Eg: Everything will ultimately depend on what is said at the meeting with the directors next week.

Ultimately, of course, he’d like to have his own business but that won’t be for some time.

•  Exceed (v) /ɪkˈsiːd/ vượt quá, trội hơn

Eg: The final cost should not exceed $5,000.

The success of our campaign has exceeded our wildest expectations.

She was found guilty on three charges of exceeding the speed limit.

Drivers who exceed the speed limit can expect to be fined heavily.

Một số từ đồng nghĩa: 

• Outperform

• Outstrip 

•  Overfishing (n) /ˌəʊ.vəˈfɪʃ.ɪŋ/ đánh bắt quá mức/ đánh hết cá, đánh cạn cá (ở một khúc sông…)

Eg: The industry has expanded in the absence of significant regulation, which has led to overfishing of lobsters and especially conch.

•  Federal (a) /ˈfed.ər.əl/ thuộc liên bang

Eg: They were charged with violating federal law.

All of the federal judges currently sitting in Maryland hail from Baltimore.

They are accused of trying to shield the General from US federal investigators.

•  Disaster (n) /dɪˈzɑː.stər/ tai hoạ, thảm hoạ, tai ách

Eg: It would be a disaster for me if I lost my job.

This is one of the worst natural disasters ever to befall the area.

Collocation 

• natural disaster
• mean/spell disaster for sb
• turned into a disaster

•  Take over (phrasal verb) nắm quyền kiểm soát

Eg: The firm was badly in need of restructuring when she took over.

•  Pre-set (v) /ˌpriːˈset/ thiết lập sẵn, cái đặt sẵn/ đã được sắp xếp, ấn định

Eg: The agenda for the meeting has been pre-set.

We have a device which switches the lights on at a preset time in the evening.

•  Halt (n) /hɒlt/ sự tạm nghỉ, sự tạm dừng lại (trong lúc đang đi…)

Eg: Severe flooding has brought trains to a halt  on several lines in Scotland.

The bus came to a halt just in time to avoid hitting the wall.

Collocation 

• Bring sth to a halt  
• call a halt to sth 

•  Undergo (v) /ˌʌn.dəˈɡəʊ/ chịu, bị, trải qua

Eg: He seems to have undergone a change in attitude recently, and has become much more co-operative.

After the accident, he underwent reconstructive surgery to rebuild his face.

I had to undergo a medical examination when I started my pension scheme.

•  Be composed of sth: được cấu tạo từ, bao gồm/ chiếm (bao nhiêu phần trăm) 

Eg: Air is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.

At that time, women composed only 1.6 percent of the US forces.

•  Fishery (n) /ˈfɪʃəri/ nghề cá/ nơi đánh bắt cá

Eg: Commercial fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico received $15 million to offset losses and damage to equipment from flooding.

Federal fishery regulators this week set the 2005 catch limit at nearly 3.3 billion pounds.

•  Subsistence (n) /səbˈsɪs.təns/ sự tồn tại/ sự sống, sự sinh sống; sinh kế

Eg: The money is intended to provide a basic subsistence and should not be paid to someone who receives other income.

The family was living at subsistence level.

•  Devastate (v) /ˈdev.ə.steɪt/ tàn phá, phá huỷ, phá phách

Eg: Waves of corporate downsizing have devastated employee morale.

Devastation (n) 

•  Unexpected (a) /ˌʌn.ɪkˈspek.tɪd/ không mong đợi, không ngờ, thình lình

Eg: Her resignation was completely unexpected.

How lovely to see you here – this really is an unexpected pleasure!

The president made an unexpected announcement this morning.

His ascent to power was rapid and unexpected.

•  Have nothing to do with sb/ sth: không liên quan đến ai/ cái gì

Eg: This argument has nothing to do with me.

Much of the bill has nothing to do with civil rights.

•  Shift (n) sự thay đổi/ sự thăng trầm, sự luân phiên

Eg: The shift in the balance of power in the region has had far-reaching consequences.

There has been a dramatic shift in public opinion towards peaceful negotiations.

The last few years have seen a shift in opinion on the issue.

Collocation 

• a shift in sth There’s been a major shift in strategy.
• a shift away from/towards sth The shift towards specialisation favours smaller firms.

•  Culminate (v) /ˈkʌl.mɪ.neɪt/ lên đến cực điểm, lên đến tột độ, lên đến tột bậc

Eg: My arguments with the boss got worse and worse, and finally culminated in my resignation.

Their many years of research have finally culminated in a cure for the disease.

Culmination (n) 

Collocation 

• culminate in/with sth

•  Harsh (a) /hɑːʃ/ gay gắt; khe khắt, ác nghiệt, khắc nghiệt

Eg: The harsh light revealed every crevice and wrinkle in his face.

In a harsh economic climate, raises for teachers have become a lightning rod for criticism.

The book confronts the harsh social and political realities of the world today.

Harshly (adv) 

Harshness (n)

•  Frozen (a) /ˈfrəʊ.zən/ đóng băng

Eg: They skated over the frozen lake.

We don’t have any fresh vegetables, only frozen peas.

It’s usually cheaper to buy frozen meat.

Freeze (v)

•  Grant (v)  /ɡrɑːnt/ cho, ban (ơn), cấp/ công nhận

Eg: They granted her an entry visa.

He was granted asylum.

Collocation 

• grant permission to do sth
• grant sth to sb/grant sb sth
• grant sb access/rights
• grant sb a loan/mortgage
• grant a licence/patent

Một số từ đồng nghĩa 

• Give Give me that dirty plate.
• Offer Your doctor should be able to offer advice.
• Provide This booklet provides useful information about local services.
• Supply The lake supplies the whole town with water.
• Donate Four hundred dollars has been donated to the school book fund.

•  Keep a check on: kiểm tra, kiểm soát

Eg: It’s my job to keep a check on stock levels.

It is vital to keep a check on your speed.

Police are keeping a close check on the house.

•  Close down (phrasal verb) dừng hoạt động, đóng cửa (nhà máy, hoạt động kinh doanh…)

Eg: He said he would close down before he would force all hands to join the union.

1. Luyện tập

Bài 1: Chọn từ trong khung để hoàn thành các câu bên dưới

inhabitants	endless	advantage	fur	feed
heart and soul	exceeded	abundance	harvest	volcanic

1. Cats make him sneeze – I think he’s allergic to the ……………….
2. This year’s …………….…. was one of the most successful since the record crop of 1985.
3. It was so exciting to see that our birdbox has some new ……….………….
4. He put …………………… into his music.
5. Have you taken full …………………. of any tax-free savings plans?
6. Several small streams …………………… into the river near here.
7. The question is whether she can keep a lid on her ………………… temperament.
8. The evening was a lavish affair with glorious food and an ……………….. supply of champagne.
9. People have been too quick to exploit the island’s natural ………….…………..
10. The book’s success has ………………. all our expectations.

Bài 2: Chọn đáp án đúng để điền vào chỗ trống

1. You need natural, fresh food with lots of ………………..                                                               A. nourishment            B. abundance
2. They went ………………. fishing.                                                                                                  A. inhabitant                B. salmon
3. The paper examines alternative policy instruments to reduce ………………  in order to restore fish stocks to sustainable levels.    A. overfishing    B. volcanic
4. Everything was going smoothly until suddenly …………………….. struck.                                    A.fur                             B. disaster
5. Managers deliberately obscured the real situation from ……………………… investigators.          A. federal                     B. endless 
6. …………………, if the product is poor, the business will fail.                                                          A. Harvest                    B. Ultimately
7. The company is ……………………. a radical reorganization.                                                        A. undergoing               B. pre-setting
8. The car screeched to a …………………….. just as the lights turned red.                                      A. salmon                     B. halt
9. The firm has been …………………………. over by one of its main competitors.                          A. taken                         B. pre-set
10. From the sixteenth until the eighteenth century people migrated only on a seasonal basis to work in the ………………………………. A. subsistence    B. fishery
11. The town was ……………………… by a hurricane in 1928.                                                                           A. devastated                B. culminated
12. …………………………. vegetables can be cooked quickly and don’t generally need any preparation.        A. Frozen                        B. Fishery
13. The audience was ……………………………………. largely of young people.                                               A. exceeded                  B. composed
14. I have ……………………………….. the recorder to start at 3 pm.                                                                 A. preset                         B. undergo
15. Palau’s economy is based on ………………………………….. agriculture.                                                   A. halt                              B. subsistence
16. Events took an ………………………………… turn when her mother suddenly arrived.                               A. unexpected                 B. federal
17. The authorities have ………………………………….. special licenses to companies who are pioneering communications technology.  A. underwent    B. granted
18. The discovery ……………………………………….. many years of research.                                               A. culminated                   B. granted
19. That factory’s been closed …………………………………….now.                                                               A. on                              B. down 
20.  Bob will ………………………………………….. nothing to do with Mary since she quit her job.See also: have, nothing    A.have                 B. keep
21. The people rebelled against the …………………………………… new government.                                  A. frozen                       B. harsh
22. Rarely has there been such a dramatic …………………………………. in American policy and tone.        A. fishery                       B. shift
23. It’s hard to ………………….. a check on the number of people coming into the country.                            A. keep                        B. have 

1. LUYỆN TẬP

Bài 1: 

1. fur 2. harvest 3. inhabitants 4. heart and soul 5. advantage
2. feed 7. volcanic 8. endless 9. abundance 10. exceeded

Bài 2: 

1.A 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.A

6.B 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.B

11.A 12.A 13.B 14.A 15.B

16.A 17.B 18.A 19.B 20. A

21.B 22.B 23.A

 

Test 1- READING PASSAGE 1 https://zorba.edu.vn/nang-cap-tu-vung-ielts-vocab-booster-2-test-2-reading-passage-1/

Test 1- READING PASSAGE 2 https://zorba.edu.vn/nang-cap-tu-vung-ielts-vocab-booster-2-test-2-reading-passage-2/

Test 1- READING PASSAGE 3 https://zorba.edu.vn/nang-cap-tu-vung-ielts-vocab-booster-2-test-1-reading-passage-3/

Test 2- READING PASSAGE 1 https://zorba.edu.vn/nang-cap-tu-vung-ielts-vocab-booster-2-test-2-reading-passage-1/

Test 2- READING PASSAGE 2 https://zorba.edu.vn/nang-cap-tu-vung-ielts-vocab-booster-2-test-2-reading-passage-2/

Test 2 – READING PASSAGE 3 https://zorba.edu.vn/nang-cap-tu-vung-ielts-vocab-booster-2-test-2-reading-passage-3/ 

Test 3 – READING PASSAGE 1 https://zorba.edu.vn/nang-cap-tu-vung-ielts-vocab-booster-2-test-3-reading-passage-1/

Test 3 – READING PASSAGE 2 https://zorba.edu.vn/nang-cap-tu-vung-ielts-vocab-booster-2-test-3-reading-passage-2/

Test 3 – READING PASSAGE 3 https://zorba.edu.vn/ielts-vocab-booster-2-test-3-reading-passage-3/

Test 4 – READING PASSAGE 1 https://zorba.edu.vn/nang-cap-tu-vung-ielts-vocab-booster-2-test-4-reading-passage-1/